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The $84 billion worth of Bitcoin attributed to Satoshi Nakamoto could face new risks from quantum computers. Paradigm says it has developed a way to secure those funds using Provable Address-Control Timestamps (PACTs), allowing ownership to be proven without moving the coins or revealing the owner’s identity.
Paradigm, through its partner Dan Robinson, outlined PACTs after a researcher demonstrated breaking a crypto key using a consumer quantum computer. The proposal is designed to let Bitcoin holders prove control while keeping details private. PACTs operate in three stages:
The approach is presented as an alternative to BIP-361, which would require holders to reveal their identity to protect their assets. Under PACTs, the article says Satoshi could secure his 1.1 million BTC without revealing himself, while maintaining Bitcoin’s decentralization and confidentiality.
The article argues that Bitcoin has already anticipated quantum risk by using resilient signature algorithms such as ECDSA, as described in an analysis by Bernstein. It also cites supporting mechanisms including single-use addresses and hierarchical keys (BIP-32).
However, it notes that pre-2012 addresses—including those attributed to Satoshi—remain exposed because they do not benefit from later protections. PACTs are described as a way to close this loophole by enabling a secure transition to quantum-resistant proofs without forced migration.
The proposal is framed as consistent with Bitcoin’s history of adapting through regular soft forks, such as Taproot. In this view, PACTs could help make the network resistant to quantum attacks while preserving its core principles.
The article concludes by raising a trade-off question: whether improving security against quantum threats would require sacrificing some of Bitcoin’s decentralization.
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