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The primary concern is that quantum machines using Shor’s algorithm could derive private keys from public keys, potentially allowing attackers to access wallets, according to experts cited by CoinDesk.
This risk typically emerges only after a public key is exposed—most often when a user sends a transaction.
Wallets that have only received funds remain protected because their public keys are not revealed on-chain.
On the XRP Ledger, roughly 300,000 accounts holding 2.4 billion XRP have never sent funds, making them inherently more resistant to such attacks.
Only about 0.03% of supply is considered exposed through previously active but now dormant accounts.
XRP also includes features that can reduce risk. Key rotation allows users to update signing keys without moving funds, while escrow time locks add an additional layer of protection through logic-based restrictions.
However, inactive accounts could still face risk if users are unable to update their keys.
Bitcoin faces a broader theoretical risk due to elements of its early design.
A portion of BTC was stored using formats that exposed public keys without requiring a transaction, including wallets believed to be associated with Satoshi Nakamoto.
Estimates suggest around 6.9 million BTC, or roughly 35% of circulating supply, could be vulnerable under a quantum attack scenario.
Bitcoin also lacks a native key rotation mechanism. To enhance security, users must move funds to new addresses, which temporarily exposes public keys in the network’s memory pool for about 10 minutes, creating a potential attack window.

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